![]() They were the only areas where Black political rights were recognised by the state. The state-created homelands had no natural resources, industry or workable farmland. Black, Asian and people of colour populations were forced to relocate either outside city limits or, for Black Africans, to one of the ten Bantustans (homelands) allotted to the major African ethnic groups. White South Africans were granted rights over 86% of the country. Under apartheid, the 75% of the population who were Black Africans were to be separated from the White and (people of mixed black, Malayan, White, Indian and/or East Asian backgrounds) as well as from each other in terms of their ethnic groups. Later known as ‘separate development’, it became a central tool of White minority rule in South Africa after the 1948 electoral victory of the Afrikaner Nationalists, and was actively enforced by successive White minority governments in the Republic of South Africa until 1994. ![]() The concept of apartheid (‘separateness’ in Afrikaans) was developed in the 1930s as a rallying cry of the National Party. Policies of racial segregation and the legal enforcement of White supremacy had been fundamental to the social and political landscape of southern Africa since the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century.
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